SUPER RARE Khmer Bronze Goddess Adda Nari Relic For Sale

SUPER RARE!

Khmer Cambodia Bronze Relic

Hindu Goddess Adda Nari

This is an authentic12th Century Khmer Cambodian Bronze Relic that a picked up during one of my antique expeditions around Southeast Asia Although this piecedates back to the period when the Khmer Kingdom was in transition from Hinduism to Buddhism I think it is safe to say this is a Hindu relic. It depicts the goddess Adda Nari, who is revered by Hindus and Buddhists alike... she is comparable to the Egyptian Goddess Isis or the Greek Goddess Athena. Still, this magnificent piece is a must have for any collector or Hindu or Buddhist believer. Relics like this are increasingly difficult to find and procure. It will look splendid in your home or place of worship. If you find yourself drawn to it, I highly recommend that you buy it now. I have included more info about the Khmer period below.

DIMENSIONS: APPROX 7 INCHESX 3 inches X 3 inches(Can be seen in photos above)

MATERIALS: Bronze. (Stand is Wood)

Age: Circa 12th Century

DON\'T LET THIS UNIQUE OPPORTUNITY PASS YOU BY...BUY IT NOW!

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THANKS FOR YOUR TIME AND CONSIDERATION.... DOBUYDON

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I will ship your item via InternationalRegistered Air Mail as soon as payment is received. Registered Mail is the mostreliable and secure method of shipping and guarantees that your item willarrive. I have never lost any registered mail shipments. Normal shipping timeto most locations is 10-14 business days. Sometimes it can take longer… pleasebe patient. Onceyour shipment arrives, a signaturewill be required. If no one is available to sign for the shipment the postoffice should leave a notice and you may have to go pick up your item.

Expedited shipping viaInternational Express Mail Service (EMS) is available for an extra charge.Normal shipping time to most locations via EMS is 5 working days. Please emailme for a price quote if you desire express shipping.

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ONCE YOU RECEIVE YOURSHIPMENT-Iask that you please email and let me know that you have received the shipmentas soon as possible. If you are happy with the item and with the service that Ihave provided, I ask that you please leave POSITIVE response. I strive toprovide 5 STAR products and services...Thanks again for your support….Dobuydon.

Khmer EmpireFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaKhmer Empire←
802–1431→
900 CE
Red: Khmer Empire
Light 802-850Jayavarman II- 1113-1150Suryavarman II- 1181-1218Jayavarman VII- 1393-1463Ponhea YatHistorical eraMiddle Ages-Succession from Chenla802-Succession to Lovek1431Population- est.3,000,000History ofCambodia
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TheKhmer Empirewas one of the most powerful empires inSoutheast Asia, The empire, which grew out of the former kingdom ofChenla, at times ruled over and/or vassalized parts of andMalaysia.[1]Its greatest legacy isAngkor, the site of the capital city during the empire\'s zenith. Angkor bears testimony to the Khmer empire\'s immense power and wealth, as well as the variety of belief systems that it patronised over time. The empire\'s official religions includedHinduismandMahayana Buddhism, untilTheravada Buddhismprevailed, even among thelower classes, after its introduction fromSri Lankain the 13th century.[2]Modern researches by satellites have revealed Angkor to be the largest pre-industrial urban center in the world.[3]

The history of Angkor as the central area of settlement of the historical kingdom of Kambujadesa is also the history of the Khmer from the 9th to the 13th centuries.[4]

From Kambuja itself - and so also from the Angkor region - no written records have survived other than stone inscriptions. Therefore the current knowledge of the historical Khmer civilization is derived primarily from:

• archaeological excavation, reconstruction and investigation
• stone inscriptions (most important are foundation steles of temples), which report on the political and religious deeds of the kings
• reliefs in a series of temple walls with depictions of military marches, life in the palace, market scenes and also the everyday lives of the population
• reports and chronicles of Chinese diplomats, traders and travellers.

The beginning of the era of the Khmer Empire is conventionally dated to 802 AD. In this year, kingJayavarman IIhad himself declaredchakravartin(\"king of the world\", or \"king of kings\") onPhnom Kulen.

Contents[hide]

• 1Culture and society
• 2History
  • 2.1Jayavarman II - the founder of Angkor
  • 2.2Yasodharapura - the first city of Angkor
  • 2.3Suryavarman II - Angkor Wat
  • 2.4Jayavarman VII - Angkor Thom
  • 2.5Zhou Daguan - the last blooming
  • 2.6Decline and the end of Angkor
• 3Gallery of Temples
  • 3.1Angkorian Temples in Cambodia
  • 3.2Angkorian Temples in Thailand
• 4Timeline of rulers
• 5References
• 6Bibliography

[edit]Culture and societyKhmer market onBayon

Much of what we know of the ancient Khmers comes from the many stone murals and also first hand accounts fromZhou Daguan. They offer first hand accounts of the 13th century and earlier. The ancient Khmers relied heavily on rice growing. The farmers planted rice near the banks of theTonlé Sapor in the hills when it was flooded. The farms were irrigated byBarays, or giant water reservoirs and canals. Sugar palm trees, fruit trees and vegetables were grown in the villages. Fishing gave the population their main source of protein, and was turned intoPrahokor dried or roasted or steamed in banana leaves. Rice was the main staple along with fish. Pigs, cattle and poultry were kept under the farmers houses as they were on stilts to keep away from flooding. Houses of farmers were situated near the rice paddies on the edge of the cities, the walls were of woven bamboo, thatched roofs and were on stilts. A house was divided into three by woven bamboo walls. One was the parents bedroom, the other was the daughters bedroom and the largest was the living area. The sons slept wherever they could find space. The kitchen was at the back or a separate room. Nobles and kings lived in the palace and much larger houses in the city. They were made of the same materials as the farmers house but the roofs were wooden shingles and had elaborate designs as well as more rooms. The common people wore asampotwhich the front end was drawn between the legs and secured at the back by a belt. Nobles and kings wore more finer and richer fabrics. Women wore a strip of cloth to cover the chest while noble women had a lengthened one that went over the shoulder. Men and women wore aKrama. The main religion wasHinduism, followed byBuddhismin popularity.VishnuandShivawere the favorite II - the founder of Angkor

The first data onJayavarman IIcame fromK.235 stone inscriptionon a stele in Sdok Kok Thom temple,Isanregion. Dating 1053 AD. it recounts two and a half centuries of service that members of the temple\'s founding family provided to the Khmer court, mainly as chief chaplains of to KingYasovarman

According to an elder interpretation, Jayavarman II was supposed to be a prince who lived at the court ofSailendrainJava(today\'sIndonesia) and brought back to his home the art and culture of Javanese Sailendran court to Cambodia.[6]This classical theory was revisited by modern scholars, such as Claude Jacques[7]and Michael Vickery, who noted that Khmer calledchveatheChams, their close neighbours.[8]Moreover Jayavarman\'s political career began atVyadhapura(probablyBanteay Prei Nokor) in eastern Cambodia, which make more probable long time contacts with them (even skirmishes, as the inscription suggests) than a long stay in distant Java.[9]Finally, many elder temples on Phnom Kulen shows both Cham (e.g. Prasat Damrei Krap) and Javanese influences (e.g. the primitive \"temple-mountain\" of Aram Rong Cen and Prasat Thmar Dap), even if their asymmetric distribution seems typically khmer.[10]

After he eventually returned to his home, the former kingdom ofChenla, he quickly built up his influence, conquered a series of competing kings, and in 790 AD became king of a kingdom called \"Kambuja\" by the Khmer. In the following years he extended his territory and eventually established his new capital ofHariharalayanear the modern Cambodian town of Roluos. He thereby laid the foundation of Angkor, which was to arise some 15km to the northwest. In 802 he declared himself Chakravartin, in a ritual taken from the Indian-Hindu tradition. Thereby he not only became the divinely appointed and therefore uncontested ruler, but also simultaneously declared the independence of his kingdom fromJava. Jayavarman II died in the year 834 C.E. and he was succeeded by his sonJayavarman III.[11]Jayavarman III died in 877 C.E. and was succeeded by Indravarman I.

[edit]Yasodharapura - the first city of AngkorBanteay SreiTowersArchersmounted on elephants

Jayavarman II\'s successors continually extended the territory of Kambuja.Indravarman I(reigned 877 - 889 AD) managed to expand the kingdom without wars, and he began extensive building projects, thanks to the wealth gained through trade and agriculture. Foremost were the temple ofPreah Koand irrigation works. He was followed by his sonYasovarman I(reigned 889 - 915 AD), who established a new capital,Yasodharapura- the first city ofAngkor

PrasatTa KeoTemple

The city\'s central temple was built onPhnom Bakheng, a hill which rises around 60 m above the plain on which Angkor sits. Under Yasovarman I theEast Baraywas also created, a massive water reservoir of 7.5 by 1.8km.

At the beginning of the 10th century the kingdom split. Jayavarman IV established a new capital atKoh Ker, some 100km northeast of Angkor. Only withRajendravarman II(reigned 944 - 968 AD) was the royal palace returned to Yasodharapura. He took up again the extensive building schemes of the earlier kings and established a series of temples in the Angkor area; not the least being theEast Mebon, on an island in the middle of the East Baray, and several Buddhist temples and monasteries. In 950 AD, the first war took place between Kambuja and the kingdom ofChampato the east (in the modern centralVietnam).

From 968 to 1001 AD. reigned the son of Rajendravarman II,Jayavarman V. After he had established himself as the new king over the other princes, his rule was a largely peaceful period, marked by prosperity and a cultural flowering. He established a new capital near Yashodharapura, Jayenanagari. At the court of Jayavarman V lived philosophers, scholars and artists. New temples were also established: the most important of these areBanteay Srei, considered one of the most beautiful and artistic of Angkor, andTa Keo, the first temple of Angkor built completely ofsandstone.

After the death of Jayavarman V a decade of conflict followed. Kings reigned only for a few years, and were successively violently replaced by their successors until eventuallySuryavarman I(reigned 1010 - 1050 AD) gained the throne. His rule was marked by repeated attempts by his opponents to overthrow him and by military conquests. In the west he extended the kingdom to the modernLopburiinThailand, in the south to theKra Isthmus. At Angkor, construction of theWest Baraybegan under Suryavarman I, the second and even larger (8 by 2.2km) water reservoir after the Eastern Baray.No one knows if he had children or wives

[edit]Suryavarman II - Angkor WatBuddhist monks atAngkor Wat

The 11th century was a time of conflict and brutal power struggles. Only withSuryavarman II(reigned 1113–1150) was the kingdom united internally and extended externally. Under his rule, the largest temple of Angkor was built in a period of 37 years:Angkor Wat, dedicated to the godVishnu. Suryavarman II conquered theMonkingdom ofHaripunjayato the west (in today\'s central Thailand), and the area further west to the border with the kingdom ofBagan(modernBurma), in the south further parts of theMalay peninsuladown to the kingdom ofGrahi(corresponding roughly to the modern Thai province ofNakhon Si Thammarat), in the east several provinces ofChampaand the countries in the north as far as the southern border of modernLaos. Suryavarman II\'s end is unclear. The last inscription, which mentions his name in connection with a planned invasion ofVietnam, is from the year 1145. He died during a failed military expedition inĐại Việtterritory around 1145 and 1150.

There followed another period in which kings reigned briefly and were violently overthrown by their successors. Finally in 1177 Kambuja was defeated in a naval battle on the Tonlé Sap lake by the army of the Chams, and was incorporated as a province of Champa.

[edit]Jayavarman VII - Angkor ThomPrasatBayon

The future kingJayavarman VII(reigned 1181–1219) was already a military leader as prince under previous kings. After the Cham had conquered Angkor, he gathered an army and regained the capital, Yasodharapura. In 1181 he ascended the throne and continued the war against the neighbouring eastern kingdom for a further 22 years, until the Khmer defeatedChampain 1203 and conquered large parts of its territory.

Jayavarman VII stands as the last of the great kings of Angkor, not only because of the successful war against the Cham, but also because he was no tyrannical ruler in the manner of his immediate predecessors, because he unified the empire, and above all because of the building projects carried out under his rule. The new capital now calledAngkor Thom(literally: \"Great City\") was built. In the centre, the king (himself a follower ofMahayana Buddhism) had constructed as the state temple the Bayon, with its towers bearing faces of theboddhisattvaAvalokiteshvara, each several metres high, carved out of stone. Further important temples built under Jayavarman VII wereTa Prohm,Banteay KdeiandNeak Pean, as well as the reservoir ofSrah Srang. Alongside, an extensive network of streets was laid down, which connected every town of the empire. Beside these streets 121 rest-houses were built for traders, officials and travellers. Not least of all, he established 102 hospitals.

[edit]Zhou Daguan - the last blooming

After the death of Jayavarman VII, his sonIndravarman II(reigned 1219–1243) ascended the throne. Like his father, he was a Buddhist, and completed a series of temples begun under his father\'s rule. As a warrior he was less successful. In the year 1220, under mounting pressure from increasingly powerfulĐại Việt, and its Cham alliance, the Khmer withdrew from many of the provinces previously conquered fromChampa. In the west, hisThaisubjects rebelled, established the first Thai kingdom atSukhothaiand pushed back the Khmer. In the following 200 years, the Thais would become the chief rivals of Kambuja. Indravarman II was succeeded byJayavarman VIII(reigned 1243–1295). In contrast to his predecessors, he was aHinduand an aggressive opponent of Buddhism[citation needed]. He destroyed most of the Buddha statues in the empire (archaeologists estimate the number at over 10,000, of which few traces remain) and converted Buddhist temples to Hindu temples.[citation needed]From the outside, the empire was threatened in 1283 by theMongolsunderKublai Khan\'s generalSagatu, who is sometimes known as Sogetu or Sodu and was the governor of Guangzhou, China.[12]It was small detachment from the main campaign against Champa and Dai Viet. The king avoided war with his powerful opponent, who at this time ruled over all China, by paying annual tribute to him.[12]Jayavarman VIII\'s rule ended in 1295 when he was deposed by his son-in-lawSrindravarman(reigned 1295–1309). The new king was a follower ofTheravada Buddhism, a school of Buddhism which had arrived insoutheast AsiafromSri Lankaand subsequently spread through most of the region.

In August 1296, the Chinese diplomatZhou Daguanarrived atAngkor, and remained at the court of kingSrindravarmanuntil July 1297. He was neither the first nor the last Chinese representative to visit Kambuja. However, his stay is notable because Zhou Daguan later wrote a detailed report on life in Angkor. His portrayal is today one of the most important sources of understanding of historical Angkor. Alongside descriptions of several great temples (thon, theBaphuon,Angkor Wat, for which we have him to thank for the knowledge that the towers of the Bayon were once covered ingold), the text also offers valuable information on the everyday life and the habits of the inhabitants of Angkor.

[edit]Decline and the end of Angkorc.1300 CE, showing Khmer Empire in red,Lavo kingdomin light blue,Sukhothaiempire in orange,Champain yellow,Dai Vietin blue and Kingdom ofLannain purple.

There are few historical records from the time following Srindravarman\'s reign. The last known inscription on a pillar is from the year 1327. No further large temples were established. Historians suspect a connection with the kings\' adoption ofTheravada Buddhism: they were therefore no longer considered \"devarajas\", and there was no need to erect huge temples to them, or rather to the gods under whose protection they stood. The retreat from the concept of the devaraja may also have led to a loss of royal authority and thereby to a lack of workers. Thewater-managementapparatus also degenerated, meaning that harvests were reduced by floods or drought. While previously three rice harvests per years were possible — a substantial contribution to the prosperity and power of Kambuja - the declining harvests further weakened the empire.

Its western neighbour, the first Thai kingdom ofSukhothai, after repelling Angkorian hegemony, was conquered by another stronger Thai kingdom in the lowerChao PhrayaBasin,Ayutthaya, in 1350. From the fourteenth century, Ayutthaya became Angkor\'s rival. According to its accounts, Ayutthaya launched several attacks. Eventually it was said, Angkor was subjugated. Siamese army drew back, leaving Angkor ruled by local nobles, loyal to Ayutthaya. The story of Angkor faded from historical accounts from then on.

There is evidence that the \"Black Death\" had an impact on the situation described above, as the plague first appeared in China around 1330 and reached Europe around 1345. Most seaports along the line of travel from China to Europe felt the impact of the disease, which had a severe impact on life throughout South East Asia.

Collapsed stones atBanteay Kdei

The new centre of the Khmer kingdom was in the southwest, atOudongin the region of today\'sPhnom Penh. However, there are indications that Angkor was not completely abandoned. One line of Khmer kings could have remained there, while a second moved to Phnom Penh to establish a parallel kingdom. The final fall of Angkor would then be due to the transfer of economic - and therewith political - significance, as Phnom Penh became an important trade centre on theMekong. Costly construction projects and conflicts over power between the royal family sealed the end of the Khmer empire.

Ecological failure and infrastructural breakdown is a new alternative answer to the end of the Khmer Empire. The Great Angkor Project believe that the Khmers had an elaborate system of reservoirs and canals used for trade, travel and irrigation. The canals were used for the harvesting of rice. As the population grew there was more strain on the water system. Failures include water shortage and flooding. To adapt to the growing population, trees were cut down from the Kulen hills and cleared out for more rice fields. That created rain runoff carrying sediment to the canal network. Any damage to the water system would leave an enormous amount of consequences.1

In any event, there is evidence for a further period of use for Angkor. Under the rule of kingBarom Reachea I(reigned 1566–1576), who temporarily succeeded in driving back the Thai, the royal court was briefly returned to Angkor. From the 17th century there are inscriptions which testify to Japanese settlements alongside those of the remaining Khmer. The best-known tells ofUkondafu Kazufusa, who celebrated theKhmer New Yearthere in 1632.

[edit]